Gwaro iri rine mufananidzo rinoratidza mamwe matambudziko akajairika anogona kuitika nepolymer uye elastomeric zvinhu zvakasiyana kubva kune izvo zvinoitika nesimbi zvisimbiso uye zvikamu.
Kukundikana kwepolymer (plastiki uye elastomeric) zvikamu nemigumisiro yayo inogona kunge yakakomba sekukundikana kwemidziyo yesimbi.Ruzivo rwakaratidzwa runotsanangura zvimwe zvezvivakwa zvinobata polymer zvikamu zvemidziyo inoshandiswa muzvivakwa zveindasitiri.Ruzivo urwu runoshanda kune imwe nhakaO-mhete, pombi yakamisikidzwa, fiber yakasimbiswa plastiki (FRP) uye pombi ine mutsara.Mienzaniso yezvivakwa zvakaita sekupinda, tembiricha yegirazi, uye viscoelasticity uye zvazvinoreva zvinokurukurwa.
Pana January 28, 1986, ngwavaira yomuchadenga yeChallenger yakavhundutsa nyika.Kuputika kwakaitika nekuti O-ring haina kunama zvakanaka.
Mhosho dzinotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino dzinosuma humwe hunhu hwekukanganisa kusiri kwesimbi kunokanganisa michina inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri ekushandisa.Panyaya yega yega, zvakakosha zvepolymer zvivakwa zvinokurukurwa.
Elastomers ane tembiricha yekushanduka kwegirazi, iyo inotsanangurwa se "tembiricha apo chinhu cheamorphous, senge girazi kana polymer, chinoshanduka kubva pakuputsika girazi kuenda kune ductile state" [1].
Elastomers ane compression set - "inotsanangurwa sechikamu chekuomerwa icho elastomer haigone kupora mushure menguva yakatarwa panguva yakapihwa extrusion uye tembiricha" [2].Sekureva kwemunyori, kutsikirira kunoreva kugona kwerabha kudzoka pachimiro chayo.Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuwana kwekumanikidza kunodzikiswa nekumwe kuwedzera kunoitika panguva yekushandiswa.Zvisinei, sezvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso uri pasi apa, izvi hazvisi nguva dzose.
Kutadza 1: Kudzikira ambient tembiricha (36°F) isati yatanga yakonzera kusakwana Viton O-rings paSpace Shuttle Challenger.Sezvakataurwa mukuferefeta kwakasiyana-siyana kwetsaona: "Pakupisa kuri pasi pe50 ° F, Viton V747-75 O-ring haichinjike zvakakwana kuti itarise kuvhurwa kwegeji rekuyedza" [3].Tembiricha yekushanduka kwegirazi inoita kuti Challenger O-ring itadze kunama zvakanaka.
Dambudziko rechipiri: Zvisimbiso zvinoratidzwa muFigure 1 uye 2 zvinonyanya kuratidzwa kumvura neutsi.Zvisimbiso zvakaunganidzwa panzvimbo uchishandisa ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Nekudaro, vari kuyedza fluoroelastomers (FKM) seViton) uye perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) seKalrez O-rings.Kunyangwe saizi dzichisiyana, ese maO-mhete anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2 anotanga saizi yakafanana:
Chii chaitika?Kushandiswa kwemhepo kunogona kuva dambudziko kune elastomers.Kune maapplication eutsi ari pamusoro pe250 ° F, kuwedzera uye kudonhedza deformations FKM neFFKM inofanirwa kuverengerwa mukurongedza magadzirirwo ekuverenga.Elastomers akasiyana ane zvimwe zvakanakira nekuipira, kunyangwe iwo ane yakanyanya makemikari kuramba.Chero shanduko inoda kunyatsotarisirwa.
General manotsi pamusoro elastomers.Kazhinji, kushandisa elastomer patembiricha iri pamusoro pe250°F uye pazasi 35°F inyanzvi uye ingada kuiswa kwemugadziri.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uone iyo elastomeric kuumbwa inoshandiswa.Fourier inoshandura infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) inogona kusiyanisa pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeelastomers, dzakadai seEPDM, FKM neFFKM dzataurwa pamusoro apa.Nekudaro, kuyedza kusiyanisa imwe FKM komputa kubva kune imwe inogona kuve yakaoma.O-mhete dzakagadzirwa nevagadziri vakasiyana dzinogona kuve dzakasiyana mafirita, vulcanizations, uye marapirwo.Zvese izvi zvine mhedzisiro yakakosha pakumanikidza set, makemikari kuramba uye kuderera-kupisa maitiro.
Mapolymers ane refu, achidzokorora cheni dzemamorekuru anotendera kuti zvimwe zvinwiwa zvipinde mukati mawo.Kusiyana nesimbi, ine chimiro chekristalline, mamorekuru marefu anopindirana setambo yespaghetti yakabikwa.Panyama, mamorekuru madiki akadai semvura / mutsi uye magasi anogona kupinda.Mamwe mamorekuru madiki zvakakwana kuti akwane nepakati pemikaha pakati pecheni dzega.
Kukundikana 3: Kazhinji, kunyora kukundikana kuongorora kuongorora kunotanga nekuwana mifananidzo yezvikamu.Nekudaro, purasitiki, inochinjika, inonhuwa peturu yakagamuchirwa neChishanu yakange yashanduka kuita pombi yakaoma yekutenderera neMuvhuro (nguva yakatorwa mufananidzo).Chikamu chacho chinonzi polyethylene (PE) bhachi repombi rinoshandiswa kuchengetedza zvinhu zvemagetsi pasi pevhu pachiteshi chepeturu.Iyo flat flexible plastic piece yawakagamuchira haina kudzivirira tambo.Kupinda kwepeturu kwakakonzera kushanduka kwemuviri, kwete kwemakemikari - pombi yepolyethylene haina kuora.Nekudaro, zvinodikanwa kupinza mapaipi mashoma akapfava.
Mhosva 4. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeindasitiri dzinoshandisa Teflon-yakavharwa simbi mapaipi ekurapa mvura, kurapwa kweasidhi uye uko kuvepo kwesimbi kusvibiswa kusingabatanidzwe (semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yezvekudya).Mapombi akavharwa neTeflon ane mavharuvhu anotendera kuti mvura ipinde munzvimbo ine annular pakati pesimbi nemaraini kuti ibude.Zvisinei, mapaipi ane mitsetse ane hupenyu hwesherufu mushure mekushandisa kwenguva refu.
Mufananidzo 4 unoratidza pombi ine Teflon-lined iyo yakashandiswa kupa HCl kwemakore anopfuura gumi.Iyo yakawanda yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi corrosion inounganidza munzvimbo ye annular pakati pe liner uye pombi yesimbi.Chigadzirwa chacho chakasundira lining mukati, zvichikonzera kukanganisa sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5. Kuora kwesimbi kunopfuurira kusvikira pombi inotanga kubuda.
Mukuwedzera, zvinokambaira zvinoitika paTeflon flange pamusoro.Kukambaira kunotsanangurwa sedeformation (deformation) pasi pemutoro unogara uripo.Senge nesimbi, kusvetuka kwemapolima kunowedzera nekuwedzera tembiricha.Zvisinei, kusiyana nesimbi, zvinokambaira zvinoitika pakupisa kwekamuri.Zvingangodaro, sezvo chikamu chepamusoro-chepamusoro cheflange chinodzikira, mabhoti epombi yesimbi anowedzerwa kusvika pakatsemuka mhete, inoratidzwa mumufananidzo.Kutsemuka kwedenderedzwa kunowedzera kufumura pombi yesimbi kuHCl.
Kukundikana 5: High-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner anowanzo shandiswa muoiri uye gasi indasitiri kugadzirisa corroded simbi majekiseni emvura.Nekudaro, pane zvakatemwa zvekutonga zvinodiwa zve liner pressure relief.Figure 6 uye 7 inoratidza yakundikana liner.Kukuvadza kune rimwe jira revhavha rinoitika apo annulus pressure inodarika mukati mekushanda kwekushanda - iyo liner inokundikana nekuda kwekupinda.Kune HDPE liners, nzira yakanakisa yekudzivirira kutadza uku ndeyekudzivisa kukurumidza kudzvinyirira kwepombi.
Simba rezvikamu zvefiberglass rinodzikira nekudzokororwa kushandiswa.Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvinogona kudonha uye kutsemuka nekufamba kwenguva.API 15 HR "High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe" ine chirevo chekuti 20% shanduko mukumanikidza ndiyo bvunzo uye kugadzirisa muganho.Chikamu 13.1.2.8 cheCanadian Standard CSA Z662, Petroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, chinotsanangura kuti kuchinja kwepressure kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa pasi pe20% yepinimidzo yemugadziri wepombi.Kana zvisina kudaro, dhizaini yekugadzira inogona kuderedzwa kusvika ku50%.Paunenge uchigadzira FRP uye FRP ine cladding, cyclic mitoro inofanirwa kuverengerwa.
Mhosva yechitanhatu: Pazasi (6 o'clock) parutivi rwefiberglass (FRP) pombi inoshandiswa kupa mvura yemunyu yakafukidzwa nepamusoro-density polyethylene.Chikamu chakakundikana, chikamu chakanaka mushure mekukundikana, uye chikamu chechitatu (chinomiririra post-manufacturing chikamu) chakaedzwa.Kunyanya, chikamu chechikamu chechikamu chakakundikana chakafananidzwa nemuchinjikwa wepombi yakagadzirwa nehukuru hwakafanana (ona Mifananidzo 8 uye 9).Ziva kuti iyo yakakundikana muchinjiko-chikamu ine yakakura intralaminar makatsemuka asipo mupombi yakagadzirwa.Delamination yakaitika mumapombi matsva uye akakundikana.Delamination yakajairika mufiberglass ine yakakwirira girazi yemukati;Magirazi epamusoro emukati anopa simba guru.Iyo pombi yakanga iri pasi pekudzikiswa kwakanyanya (kupfuura 20%) uye yakakundikana nekuda kwekutakurwa kwecyclic.
Mufananidzo 9. Heano mamwe maviri e-cross-sections akapedzwa fiberglass mune yakakwirira-density polyethylene-lined fiberglass pipe.
Panguva yekuiswa panzvimbo, zvikamu zvidiki zvepombi zvakabatana - izvi zvinongedzo zvakakosha.Kazhinji, zvidimbu zviviri zvepombi zvinobatanidzwa pamwe chete uye gaka riri pakati pepombi rinozadzwa ne "putty."Majoini acho anobva aputirwa muzvikamu zvakati wandei zvehupamhi-hupamhi fiberglass reinforcement uye kuisirwa neresin.Nzvimbo yekunze yejojo inofanira kuva nesimbi yakakwana.
Zvisiri-metallic zvinhu senge liner uye fiberglass zvine viscoelastic.Kunyange zvazvo chimiro ichi chakaoma kutsanangura, zviratidzo zvaro zvinowanzoitika: kukuvadzwa kunowanzoitika panguva yekuisa, asi kubuda hakuitiki pakarepo."Viscoelasticity chivakwa chechinhu chinoratidza zvese viscous uye elastic zvivakwa kana zvaremara.Viscous zvinhu (seuchi) zvinoramba kuyerera kweshear uye kuremara zvakatevedzana nekufamba kwenguva kana kushushikana kwaiswa.Elastic zvinhu (senge simbi) zvinokanganisa nekukasira, asi zvakare nekukurumidza kudzokera kune yavo yekutanga mushure mekushushikana kwabviswa.Viscoelastic zvinhu zvine zvese zvivakwa uye nekudaro zvinoratidza nguva-inosiyana deformation.Elasticity inowanzoitika kubva pakutambanudzwa kwemabhondi pamwe nendege dzekristaro mune zvakaodha zvakaomeswa, nepo viscosity ichibva mukupararira kwemaatomu kana mamorekuru mukati meamorphous material ” [4].
Fiberglass uye zvikamu zvepurasitiki zvinoda kutarisirwa kwakanyanya panguva yekuisa uye kubata.Zvikasadaro, vanogona kutsemuka uye kukuvara kunogona kusaoneka kusvika nguva refu mushure mekuedzwa kwehydrostatic.
Kukundikana kwakawanda kwefiberglass linings kunoitika nekuda kwekukuvadzwa panguva yekuiswa [5].Kuongororwa kweHydrostatic kwakakosha asi haione kukuvara kudiki kunogona kuitika panguva yekushandiswa.
Mufananidzo 10. Inoratidzwa pano ndiyo yemukati (kuruboshwe) nekunze (kurudyi) machinjiro pakati pezvikamu zvepaipi yefiberglass.
Kukanganisa 7. Mufananidzo 10 unoratidza kubatana kwezvikamu zviviri zvefiberglass pipes.Mufananidzo 11 unoratidza chikamu chemuchinjikwa chekubatanidza.Nzvimbo yekunze yepombi yakanga isina kusimbiswa zvakakwana uye yakavharwa, uye pombi yakaputsika panguva yekufambisa.Zvinokurudzirwa zvekusimbisa majoini zvinopihwa muDIN 16966, CSA Z662 uye ASME NM.2.
Mapaipi e-high-density polyethylene haaremekedzi, asingadziviriri, uye anowanzoshandiswa pamapombi egasi nemvura, kusanganisira mapombi emoto panzvimbo dzefekitari.Kukundikana kwakawanda pamitsara iyi kwakabatana nekukuvara kwakagamuchirwa panguva yekuchera basa [6].Nekudaro, kutadza kunonoka kukura (SCG) kunogonawo kuitika kune yakaderera kushushikana uye kudiki diki.Sekureva kwemishumo, "SCG inowanzoitika yekutadza maitiro mumapaipi epasi pevhu polyethylene (PE) ane hupenyu hwekugadzira hwemakore makumi mashanu" [7].
Mhosva 8: SCG yakagadzira mupombi yemoto mushure memakore anopfuura makumi maviri ekushandiswa.Kutyoka kwayo kune zvinotevera:
SCG kukundikana kunoratidzwa neyakaputsika pateni: ine kushoma deformation uye inoitika nekuda kweakawanda concentric mhete.Kana imwe nzvimbo yeSCG ichiwedzera kusvika inenge 2 x 1.5 inches, mutswe unopararira nokukurumidza uye macroscopic maitiro anova asina kujeka (Figures 12-14).Mutsara unogona kuwana kuchinja kwekutakura kweanopfuura 10% vhiki imwe neimwe.Majoini ekare eHDPE anonzi akanyanya kupikisa kukundikana nekuda kwekuremerwa kwekuchinja kupfuura majoini ekare eHDPE [8].Nekudaro, zvivakwa zviripo zvinofanirwa kufunga kugadzira SCG senge HDPE hose hoses zera.
Mufananidzo 12. Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza apo T-bazi rinopindirana nepombi huru, ichigadzira kutsemuka kunoratidzwa nemuseve mutsvuku.
Mupunga.14. Pano iwe unogona kuona kuvhara pamusoro pekuputsika kwebazi rakafanana neT kune pombi huru yakaita T.Pane mitswe iri pachena pamusoro pemukati.
Yepakati Bulk Containers (IBCs) yakakodzera kuchengetedza uye kutakura zvidiki zvemakemikari (Mufananidzo 15).Ivo vakavimbika zvekuti zviri nyore kukanganwa kuti kutadza kwavo kunogona kuunza njodzi huru.Zvisinei, kukundikana kweMDS kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwemari, mamwe acho anoongororwa nevanyori.Kukundikana kwakawanda kunokonzerwa nekubata kusina kunaka [9-11].Kunyangwe IBC ichiita seyakapusa kuongorora, kutsemuka muHDPE kunokonzerwa nekubata zvisina kunaka kwakaoma kuona.Kune mamaneja emidziyo mumakambani anowanzo kubata midziyo yakawanda ine zvinhu zvine njodzi, kugara uye kunyatsoongorora kwekunze uye kwemukati kunosungirwa.muUnited States.
Ultraviolet (UV) kukuvara uye kuchembera kwakawanda mumapolima.Izvi zvinoreva kuti isu tinofanirwa kunyatsotevera O-ring yekuchengetera mirairo uye kufunga nezvekukanganisa kwehupenyu hwezvinhu zvekunze senge akavhurika epamusoro matangi uye pond linings.Kunyange isu tichida kukwidziridza (kudzikisa) bhajeti rekuchengetedza, kumwe kuongorora kwekunze kwezvikamu kunodiwa, kunyanya izvo zvinoratidzwa nechiedza chezuva (Mufananidzo 16).
Hunhu hwakadai segirazi tembiricha yekuchinja, compression set, kupinda, kamuri tembiricha inokwira, viscoelasticity, inonokera crack kupararira, etc. tarisa maitiro ekuita epurasitiki uye elastomeric zvikamu.Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwakanaka uye kwakanaka kwezvinhu zvakakosha, zvivakwa izvi zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa, uye mapolymers anofanirwa kuziva nezveizvi zvivakwa.
Vanyori vanoda kutenda vatengi vane njere uye vatinoshanda navo nekugovana zvavakawana neindasitiri.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Hawley's Concise Dictionary of Chemistry, chinyorwa chechi12, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Nzvimbo yeInternet: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. Lach, Cynthia L., Mhedzisiro yeTemperature uye O-Ring Surface Treatment paChisimbiso Mano eViton V747-75.NASA Technical Paper 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Maitiro Akanakisisa eCanada Oiri uye Gasi Vagadziri (CAPP), "Kushandisa Reinforced Composite (Non-Metallic) Pipeline," April 2017.
6. Maupin J. uye Mamun M. Kukundikana, Njodzi uye Njodzi Kuongorora kwePlastiki Pipe, DOT Project Nhamba 194, 2009.
7. Xiangpeng Luo, Jianfeng Shi naJingyan Zheng, Nzira dzeSlow Crack Kukura muPolyethylene: Finite Element Methods, 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels uye Piping Conference, Boston, MA, 2015.
8. Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., uye Bryce, W., Kuneta kwePlastiki Yemvura Pipe: Kuongorora Kwenyanzvi uye Mazano eKuneta Kwekugadzirwa kwePE4710 Pipe, Technical Report panzvimbo yePlastiki Pipe Association, May 2012.
9. CBA/SIA Mirayiridzo yeKuchengetedzwa Kwezvinwiwa Mumidziyo Yepakati, ICB Yakaburitswa Gumiguru 2018 Pamhepo: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
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Ana Benz ndiye Chief Engineer paIRISNDT (5311 86th Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 5T8; Phone: 780-577-4481; Email: [email protected]).Akashanda se corrosion, kukundikana uye nyanzvi yekuongorora kwemakore makumi maviri nemana.Chiitiko chake chinosanganisira kuita ongororo achishandisa hunyanzvi hwekuongorora uye kuronga zvirongwa zvekuongorora zvidyarwa.Mercedes-Benz inoshandira indasitiri yekugadzira makemikari, zvidyarwa zvepetrochemical, zvidyarwa zvefetereza uye nickel zvidyarwa pasi rese, pamwe nemafuta ekugadzira gasi.Akawana dhigirii reinjiniya yemidziyo kubva kuUniversidad Simon Bolivar kuVenezuela uye dhigirii remasters muinjiniya yemidziyo kubva kuYunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia.Anobata akati wandei Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) isiri-kuparadza yekuyedza zvitupa, pamwe neAPI 510 certification uye CWB Boka Level 3 chitupa.Benz aive nhengo yeNACE Edmonton Executive Branch kwemakore gumi nemashanu uye akamboshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana neEdmonton Branch Canadian Welding Society.
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